CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION PROGRAMS IN THE PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION‑RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the major health crisis in the world and a major moderate risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although a lifestyle change intervention is suggested to be the baseline of the interventions, there is a need to carry out a systematic review of the measurable effect of the lifestyle change interventions on clinical outcome.The proposed systematic review and meta-analysis will be preoccupied with the effectiveness of multifaceted lifestyle modifications interventions in the treatment of hypertension-related CVD in accordance with the decrease in blood pressure levels, prevention of cardiovascular events, and improvement of the quality of life of the patient.PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and in Cochrane Library were systematically searched with Publix of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies published in 2015-25. Articles which included the general intervention approaches (diet, exercise, weight management) among hypertensive adults were included. They were random-effects meta-analysis which were carried out to determine the aggregate mean differences on the blood pressure change and risk ratios on the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The heterogeneity was measured by I 2 statistic.There were 34 eligible and included studies  that fit the criteria. The overall analysis indicated that systolic blood pressure had reduced by 5.8 mm Hg  and the diastolic blood pressure by 3.4 mm Hg  as compared to the controls which involved lifestyle interventions. This reduction was related to a reduction by 28 percent in relative risk of MACE. Subgroup analyses showed that the biggest changes in blood pressure levels were in interventions that had the DASH diet that also involved supervised physical activity. The results were valid since it was verified by sensitivities tests. Complex lifestyle change interventions have proved to be extremely useful in not only reducing blood pressure, but also reducing the risk of major cardiovascular events and have been shown to be as effective as pharmacotherapy. These results highlight the urgency of non-pharmacological and structured intervention as a key element of prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in the world.